![]() The pigment consists primarily of a zeolite-based mineral containing small amounts of polysulfides. Otherwise, it is susceptible to discoloration and fading. Ultramarine is a permanent pigment when under ideal preservation conditions. It remained an extremely expensive pigment until a synthetic ultramarine was invented in 1826. It was often used for the robes of the Virgin Mary and symbolized holiness and humility. Ultramarine was the finest and most expensive blue used by Renaissance painters. Much of the expansion of ultramarine can be attributed to Venice which historically was the port of entry for lapis lazuli in Europe. The word means "beyond the sea", as the pigment was imported by Italian traders during the 14th and 15th centuries from mines in Afghanistan. The name ultramarine comes from the Latin ultramarinus. Its lengthy grinding and washing process makes the natural pigment quite valuable-roughly ten times more expensive than the stone it comes from and as expensive as gold. The name comes from the Latin word Titan, the name for the elder brother of Kronos and ancestor of the Titans, and from the Greek word tito, meaning day or sun.Ultramarine is a deep blue color pigment which was originally made by grinding lapis lazuli into a powder. ![]() Since that time, it has become the most commonly used white pigment. Widespread use of the pigment began in the 1940s. Titanium dioxide was first discovered in 1821, although it could not be mass produced until 1919. Titanium is the ninth most abundant element in the Earth's crust, however mineral deposits that are economical to mine are less common. The primary safety concern is with inhalation of fine pigment dust particl History ![]() Animal studies give no indiciation that it is absorbed biologically, even after long periods of exposure. Titanium dioxide is highly stable and is regarded as completely non-toxic. Titanium White has excellent permanence and lightfastness. This pigment has good chemical stability, and its tinting strength is superior to both Lead White and Zinc White. It is opaque in oil and acrylic forms and semi-opaque in watercolor form. Titanium White dries slowly in oil form, more slowly than Lead White but more quickly than Zinc White. It is less prone to cracking and yellowing than Lead White, but it still yellows easily. Its masstone is neither warm nor cool, placing it somewhere between Lead White and Zinc White. It is considered an all purpose oil color useful in all techniques and the best all around white. Titanium White is the most brilliant of the white pigments. Ultramarine is currently imitated by a process invented in France in 1826 by Jean Baptiste Guimet, making blue affordable to artists and extending the range of colors on their palettes. It was one of the most expensive pigments in 16th century Europe, worth twice its weight in gold, and so was used sparingly and when commissions were larger. It is a prominent component of lapis lazuli and was used on Asian temples starting in the 6th century. The name for this pigment comes from the Middle Latin ultra, meaning beyond, and mare, meaning sea, because it was imported from Asia to Europe by sea. It may discolor if exposed to acid because of its sulfuric content. Ultramarine has excellent permanence, although synthetic Ultramarine is not as permanent as natural Ultramarine. Considered a great color for glazes, it is not suitable for frescoing. ![]() It can dull when mixed with white in acrylic form, but mixes well with other colors. French Ultramarine mixes well with Alizarin colors in oil and watercolor form to create a range of purples and violets. Ultramarine dries slowly in oil and tends to produce clean, though granular, washes in watercolor. Synthetic Ultramarine is not as vivid a blue as natural Ultramarine. It has a moderate to high tinting strength and a beautiful transparency. Ultramarine is the standard warm blue, a brilliant blue pigment that has the most purple and least green in its undertone. Pigment Information This color contains the following pigments:Ĭomplex silicate of sodium and aluminum with sulfur Chemical Formula ![]()
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